在使用Python的requests庫進行網絡爬蟲時,數據清洗是一個非常重要的步驟,以確保你獲取的數據是準確和有用的。以下是一些常見的數據清洗步驟和技巧:
首先,你需要使用一個庫來解析HTML內容,常用的庫有BeautifulSoup
和lxml
。
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
url = 'http://example.com'
response = requests.get(url)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')
提取數據通常是通過查找HTML中的特定標簽和屬性來完成的。
# 提取所有段落文本
paragraphs = soup.find_all('p')
for p in paragraphs:
print(p.get_text())
數據清洗包括去除空白、特殊字符、HTML標簽等。
import re
# 去除多余的空格和換行符
cleaned_text = ' '.join(p.get_text().split())
# 去除HTML標簽
cleaned_text = re.sub('<.*?>', '', cleaned_text)
# 去除特殊字符
cleaned_text = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z0-9\s]', '', cleaned_text)
有時候提取的數據可能是字符串或其他數據類型,需要進行相應的轉換。
# 將字符串轉換為整數
number = int(re.search(r'\d+', cleaned_text).group())
# 將字符串轉換為浮點數
float_number = float(re.search(r'\d+\.\d+', cleaned_text).group())
清洗后的數據可以存儲在文件、數據庫或其他數據結構中。
# 存儲到CSV文件
import csv
with open('cleaned_data.csv', 'w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerow(['Cleaned Text'])
for text in cleaned_texts:
writer.writerow([text])
在爬蟲過程中,可能會遇到各種異常情況,需要進行異常處理。
try:
response = requests.get(url)
response.raise_for_status() # 檢查HTTP請求是否成功
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
print(f'Error: {e}')
記錄日志可以幫助你更好地調試和監控爬蟲的運行狀態。
import logging
logging.basicConfig(filename='crawler.log', level=logging.INFO)
logging.info(f'Fetching data from {url}')
以下是一個完整的示例代碼,展示了如何進行數據清洗:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import re
import csv
import logging
# 配置日志
logging.basicConfig(filename='crawler.log', level=logging.INFO)
logging.info(f'Fetching data from http://example.com')
try:
response = requests.get('http://example.com')
response.raise_for_status() # 檢查HTTP請求是否成功
except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e:
logging.error(f'Error: {e}')
exit(1)
soup = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')
paragraphs = soup.find_all('p')
cleaned_texts = []
for p in paragraphs:
text = p.get_text()
# 去除多余的空格和換行符
text = ' '.join(text.split())
# 去除HTML標簽
text = re.sub('<.*?>', '', text)
# 去除特殊字符
text = re.sub('[^a-zA-Z0-9\s]', '', text)
cleaned_texts.append(text)
# 存儲到CSV文件
with open('cleaned_data.csv', 'w', newline='', encoding='utf-8') as file:
writer = csv.writer(file)
writer.writerow(['Cleaned Text'])
for text in cleaned_texts:
writer.writerow([text])
logging.info('Data cleaning and storage completed.')
通過這些步驟,你可以有效地清洗從網絡爬蟲中獲取的數據,確保其質量和準確性。