# 如何使用Maven生成能直接運行的jar包
## 目錄
1. [Maven基礎概念](#maven基礎概念)
2. [創建可執行Jar包的三種方式](#創建可執行jar包的三種方式)
3. [使用maven-jar-plugin基礎配置](#使用maven-jar-plugin基礎配置)
4. [使用maven-assembly-plugin詳解](#使用maven-assembly-plugin詳解)
5. [使用maven-shade-plugin高級方案](#使用maven-shade-plugin高級方案)
6. [依賴管理與類加載機制](#依賴管理與類加載機制)
7. [常見問題與解決方案](#常見問題與解決方案)
8. [生產環境最佳實踐](#生產環境最佳實踐)
9. [性能優化建議](#性能優化建議)
10. [擴展知識：Spring Boot的特殊處理](#擴展知識spring-boot的特殊處理)
---
## Maven基礎概念
### 1.1 Maven項目結構
標準的Maven項目遵循約定優于配置的原則：
my-app/ ├── pom.xml ├── src/ │ ├── main/ │ │ ├── java/ │ │ │ └── com/ │ │ │ └── example/ │ │ │ └── App.java │ │ └── resources/ │ └── test/ │ ├── java/ │ └── resources/
### 1.2 POM文件核心元素
```xml
<project>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>com.example</groupId>
<artifactId>my-app</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>junit</groupId>
<artifactId>junit</artifactId>
<version>4.12</version>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<!-- 插件配置區域 -->
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
validate → compile → test → package → verify → install → deploypackage階段完成| 插件名稱 | 產出類型 | 依賴處理方式 | 適用場景 |
|---|---|---|---|
| maven-jar-plugin | 普通JAR | 外部lib目錄 | 簡單應用 |
| maven-assembly-plugin | 胖JAR | 全部打包進JAR | 需要獨立分發 |
| maven-shade-plugin | 胖JAR(重命名) | 合并+重命名 | 解決依賴沖突 |
public class App {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-jar-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.2.2</version>
<configuration>
<archive>
<manifest>
<addClasspath>true</addClasspath>
<classpathPrefix>lib/</classpathPrefix>
<mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass>
</manifest>
</archive>
</configuration>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
target/
├── my-app-1.0.jar
└── lib/
├── dependency1.jar
└── dependency2.jar
java -jar target/my-app-1.0.jar
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-assembly-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.3.0</version>
<configuration>
<descriptorRefs>
<descriptorRef>jar-with-dependencies</descriptorRef>
</descriptorRefs>
<archive>
<manifest>
<mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass>
</manifest>
</archive>
</configuration>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>single</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
<descriptors>
<descriptor>src/main/assembly/custom.xml</descriptor>
</descriptors>
示例custom.xml：
<assembly>
<id>bundle</id>
<formats>
<format>jar</format>
</formats>
<includeBaseDirectory>false</includeBaseDirectory>
<dependencySets>
<dependencySet>
<outputDirectory>/</outputDirectory>
<useProjectArtifact>true</useProjectArtifact>
<unpack>true</unpack>
<scope>runtime</scope>
</dependencySet>
</dependencySets>
<fileSets>
<fileSet>
<directory>src/main/resources</directory>
<outputDirectory>/</outputDirectory>
</fileSet>
</fileSets>
</assembly>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
<artifactId>maven-shade-plugin</artifactId>
<version>3.2.4</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<phase>package</phase>
<goals>
<goal>shade</goal>
</goals>
<configuration>
<transformers>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.ManifestResourceTransformer">
<mainClass>com.example.App</mainClass>
</transformer>
</transformers>
</configuration>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
<configuration>
<relocations>
<relocation>
<pattern>com.google.guava</pattern>
<shadedPattern>com.shaded.guava</shadedPattern>
</relocation>
</relocations>
</configuration>
<transformers>
<transformer implementation="org.apache.maven.plugins.shade.resource.AppendingTransformer">
<resource>META-INF/spring.handlers</resource>
</transformer>
</transformers>
<dependency>
<scope>provided</scope> <!-- 不會打包進可執行JAR -->
</dependency>
NoClassDefFoundError
mvn dependency:tree分析依賴No main manifest attribute
<mainClass>配置正確版本沖突
mvn dependency:analyze<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>commons-logging</groupId>
<artifactId>commons-logging</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
<maven.compiler.source>11</maven.compiler.source>
<maven.compiler.target>11</maven.compiler.target>
<maven-shade-plugin.version>3.2.4</maven-shade-plugin.version>
</properties>
<configuration>
<filters>
<filter>
<artifact>*:*</artifact>
<excludes>
<exclude>META-INF/*.SF</exclude>
<exclude>META-INF/*.DSA</exclude>
</excludes>
</filter>
</filters>
</configuration>
并行構建：
mvn -T 1C package
跳過測試：
mvn package -DskipTests
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<mainClass>com.example.DemoApplication</mainClass>
<executable>true</executable>
</configuration>
</plugin>
BOOT-INF/
├── classes/
├── lib/
META-INF/
org/
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(DemoApplication.class, args);
}
本文詳細介紹了三種生成可執行JAR的方案，建議根據項目需求選擇： - 簡單應用：maven-jar-plugin - 獨立分發：maven-assembly-plugin - 企業級應用：maven-shade-plugin - Spring Boot項目：spring-boot-maven-plugin “`
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