kubernetes集群中怎么部署php應用

# Kubernetes集群中怎么部署PHP應用

## 前言

在現代云原生應用開發中，Kubernetes已成為容器編排的事實標準。對于PHP開發者而言，將傳統PHP應用遷移到Kubernetes集群可以獲得彈性伸縮、高可用性和簡化運維等顯著優勢。本文將詳細介紹從準備到優化的完整部署流程。

## 一、環境準備

### 1.1 基礎條件

- 正常運行中的Kubernetes集群（Minikube、kubeadm或托管服務如EKS/GKE）
- 已安裝kubectl命令行工具
- Docker環境（用于構建鏡像）
- 代碼版本控制工具（如Git）

### 1.2 推薦組件

```bash
# 驗證集群狀態
kubectl cluster-info
kubectl get nodes

# 可選：安裝Ingress Controller
kubectl apply -f https://projectcontour.io/quickstart/contour.yaml

二、容器化PHP應用

2.1 創建Dockerfile

# 基礎鏡像選擇（根據需求選擇不同版本）
FROM php:8.2-fpm-alpine

# 安裝系統依賴
RUN apk add --no-cache \
    nginx \
    supervisor \
    libzip-dev \
    libpng-dev \
    libjpeg-turbo-dev \
    freetype-dev

# 安裝PHP擴展
RUN docker-php-ext-configure gd --with-freetype --with-jpeg \
    && docker-php-ext-install -j$(nproc) gd pdo pdo_mysql zip opcache

# 配置PHP
COPY config/php.ini /usr/local/etc/php/conf.d/custom.ini

# 復制應用代碼
COPY --chown=www-data:www-data . /var/www/html

# 配置Nginx和Supervisor
COPY config/nginx.conf /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
COPY config/supervisord.conf /etc/supervisor/conf.d/supervisord.conf

# 暴露端口
EXPOSE 80

# 啟動命令
CMD ["/usr/bin/supervisord", "-c", "/etc/supervisor/conf.d/supervisord.conf"]

2.2 構建和推送鏡像

docker build -t your-registry/php-app:v1 .
docker push your-registry/php-app:v1

三、Kubernetes資源配置

3.1 Deployment配置

創建deployment.yaml：

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: php-app
  labels:
    app: php-app
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: php-app
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: php-app
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: php-app
        image: your-registry/php-app:v1
        ports:
        - containerPort: 80
        resources:
          requests:
            cpu: "100m"
            memory: "128Mi"
          limits:
            cpu: "500m"
            memory: "512Mi"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /healthz
            port: 80
          initialDelaySeconds: 30
          periodSeconds: 10
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /readiness
            port: 80
          initialDelaySeconds: 5
          periodSeconds: 5
      imagePullSecrets:
      - name: regcred  # 私有倉庫認證

3.2 Service配置

創建service.yaml：

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: php-app-service
spec:
  selector:
    app: php-app
  ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 80
      targetPort: 80
  type: ClusterIP

3.3 Ingress配置（可選）

創建ingress.yaml：

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: php-app-ingress
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
  rules:
  - host: php-app.example.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        pathType: Prefix
        backend:
          service:
            name: php-app-service
            port:
              number: 80

四、持久化存儲配置

4.1 文件存儲方案

對于需要持久化的文件（如上傳目錄）：

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: php-app-storage
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 5Gi
  storageClassName: nfs-client  # 根據實際存儲類調整

在Deployment中掛載：

volumeMounts:
- name: app-storage
  mountPath: /var/www/html/uploads
volumes:
- name: app-storage
  persistentVolumeClaim:
    claimName: php-app-storage

五、數據庫集成

5.1 MySQL部署

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: mysql
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: mysql
  strategy:
    type: Recreate
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: mysql
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: mysql
        image: mysql:8.0
        env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: mysql-secrets
              key: rootPassword
        ports:
        - containerPort: 3306
        volumeMounts:
        - name: mysql-persistent-storage
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
      volumes:
      - name: mysql-persistent-storage
        persistentVolumeClaim:
          claimName: mysql-pv-claim

5.2 連接配置

在PHP應用的Deployment中添加環境變量：

env:
- name: DB_HOST
  value: "mysql-service"
- name: DB_NAME
  value: "app_db"
- name: DB_USER
  value: "app_user"
- name: DB_PASSWORD
  valueFrom:
    secretKeyRef:
      name: mysql-secrets
      key: appPassword

六、部署與驗證

6.1 應用部署

kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
kubectl apply -f service.yaml
kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml

6.2 驗證部署

# 查看Pod狀態
kubectl get pods -l app=php-app

# 檢查日志
kubectl logs -f <pod-name>

# 臨時端口轉發測試
kubectl port-forward svc/php-app-service 8080:80

七、高級配置

7.1 Horizontal Pod Autoscaler

apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  name: php-app-hpa
spec:
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps/v1
    kind: Deployment
    name: php-app
  minReplicas: 2
  maxReplicas: 10
  metrics:
  - type: Resource
    resource:
      name: cpu
      target:
        type: Utilization
        averageUtilization: 70

7.2 ConfigMap管理配置

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: php-app-config
data:
  app.env: |
    APP_ENV=production
    APP_DEBUG=false
    SESSION_DRIVER=redis

八、監控與日志

8.1 集成Prometheus監控

# 在Deployment中添加注解
metadata:
  annotations:
    prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
    prometheus.io/port: "80"
    prometheus.io/path: "/metrics"

8.2 日志收集方案

# 使用Fluentd sidecar模式
- name: fluentd-logger
  image: fluent/fluentd:v1.14-debian-1
  volumeMounts:
  - name: varlog
    mountPath: /var/log
  - name: fluentd-config
    mountPath: /fluentd/etc
volumes:
- name: fluentd-config
  configMap:
    name: fluentd-config

九、CI/CD集成示例

9.1 GitHub Actions工作流

name: Deploy to Kubernetes

on:
  push:
    branches: [ main ]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
    - uses: actions/checkout@v2
    
    - name: Build Docker image
      run: docker build -t your-registry/php-app:${{ github.sha }} .
      
    - name: Login to Docker Hub
      uses: docker/login-action@v1
      with:
        username: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_USERNAME }}
        password: ${{ secrets.DOCKER_HUB_TOKEN }}
    
    - name: Push Docker image
      run: docker push your-registry/php-app:${{ github.sha }}
    
    - name: Install kubectl
      uses: azure/setup-kubectl@v1
      
    - name: Deploy to Cluster
      run: |
        kubectl set image deployment/php-app php-app=your-registry/php-app:${{ github.sha }}
        kubectl rollout status deployment/php-app

十、常見問題解決

10.1 性能優化建議

1. OPcache配置：

   opcache.enable=1
   opcache.memory_consumption=128
   opcache.max_accelerated_files=10000
   opcache.validate_timestamps=0  # 生產環境推薦
   

2. PHP-FPM調優：

   pm = dynamic
   pm.max_children = 50
   pm.start_servers = 5
   pm.min_spare_servers = 2
   pm.max_spare_servers = 8
   

10.2 故障排查命令

# 查看事件日志
kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp

# 進入容器調試
kubectl exec -it <pod-name> -- /bin/sh

# 查看資源使用情況
kubectl top pods

結語

通過Kubernetes部署PHP應用，開發者可以獲得現代化基礎設施的全部優勢。本文介紹的方案可以根據實際需求進行擴展，例如添加Redis緩存、實現藍綠部署或集成服務網格等。隨著云原生生態的發展，PHP應用在Kubernetes中的運行會變得更加高效和可靠。 “`

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