本篇內容主要講解“怎么用Jupyter Notebook教Python”,感興趣的朋友不妨來看看。本文介紹的方法操作簡單快捷,實用性強。下面就讓小編來帶大家學習“怎么用Jupyter Notebook教Python”吧!
首先,需要一些“膠布”。通常,你會使用一些漂亮的命令行測試器來做測試,比如 pytest 或 virtue。通常,你甚至不會直接運行它。你使用像 tox 或 nox 這樣的工具來運行它。然而,對于 Jupyter 來說,你需要寫一小段粘合代碼,可以直接在其中運行測試。
幸運的是,這個代碼又短又簡單:
import unittest def run_test(klass): suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(klass) unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite) return klass
現在,裝備已經就緒,可以進行第一次練習了。
在教學中,從一個簡單的練習開始,建立信心總是一個好主意。
那么,讓我們來修復一個非常簡單的測試:
@run_testclass TestNumbers(unittest.TestCase): def test_equality(self): expected_value = 3 # 只改這一行 self.assertEqual(1+1, expected_value)
test_equality (__main__.TestNumbers) ... FAIL ====================================================================== FAIL: test_equality (__main__.TestNumbers) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython-input-7-5ebe25bc00f3>", line 6, in test_equality self.assertEqual(1+1, expected_value) AssertionError: 2 != 3 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.002s FAILED (failures=1)
“只改這一行” 對學生來說是一個有用的標記。它準確地表明了需要修改的內容。否則,學生可以通過將第一行改為 return
來修復測試。
在這種情況下,修復很容易:
@run_testclass TestNumbers(unittest.TestCase): def test_equality(self): expected_value = 2 # 修復后的代碼行 self.assertEqual(1+1, expected_value)
test_equality (__main__.TestNumbers) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.002s OK
然而,很快,unittest
庫的原生斷言將被證明是不夠的。在 pytest
中,通過重寫 assert
中的字節碼來解決這個問題,使其具有神奇的屬性和各種啟發式方法。但這在 Jupyter notebook 中就不容易實現了。是時候挖出一個好的斷言庫了:PyHamcrest。
from hamcrest import *@run_testclass TestList(unittest.TestCase): def test_equality(self): things = [1, 5, # 只改這一行 3] assert_that(things, has_items(1, 2, 3))
test_equality (__main__.TestList) ... FAIL ====================================================================== FAIL: test_equality (__main__.TestList) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython-input-11-96c91225ee7d>", line 8, in test_equality assert_that(things, has_items(1, 2, 3)) AssertionError: Expected: (a sequence containing <1> and a sequence containing <2> and a sequence containing <3>) but: a sequence containing <2> was <[1, 5, 3]> ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.004s FAILED (failures=1)
PyHamcrest 不僅擅長靈活的斷言,它還擅長清晰的錯誤信息。正因為如此,問題就顯而易見了。[1, 5, 3]
不包含 2
,而且看起來很丑:
@run_testclass TestList(unittest.TestCase): def test_equality(self): things = [1, 2, # 改完的行 3] assert_that(things, has_items(1, 2, 3))
test_equality (__main__.TestList) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 1 test in 0.001s OK
使用 Jupyter、PyHamcrest 和一點測試的粘合代碼,你可以教授任何適用于單元測試的 Python 主題。
例如,下面可以幫助展示 Python 從字符串中去掉空白的不同方法之間的差異。
source_string = " hello world " @run_testclass TestList(unittest.TestCase): # 這是個贈品:它可以工作! def test_complete_strip(self): result = source_string.strip() assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with("hello"), ends_with("world"))) def test_start_strip(self): result = source_string # 只改這一行 assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with("hello"), ends_with("world "))) def test_end_strip(self): result = source_string # 只改這一行 assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with(" hello"), ends_with("world")))
test_complete_strip (__main__.TestList) ... ok test_end_strip (__main__.TestList) ... FAIL test_start_strip (__main__.TestList) ... FAIL ====================================================================== FAIL: test_end_strip (__main__.TestList) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython-input-16-3db7465bd5bf>", line 19, in test_end_strip assert_that(result, AssertionError: Expected: (a string starting with ' hello' and a string ending with 'world') but: a string ending with 'world' was ' hello world ' ====================================================================== FAIL: test_start_strip (__main__.TestList) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython-input-16-3db7465bd5bf>", line 14, in test_start_strip assert_that(result, AssertionError: Expected: (a string starting with 'hello' and a string ending with 'world ') but: a string starting with 'hello' was ' hello world ' ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.006s FAILED (failures=2)
理想情況下,學生們會意識到 .lstrip()
和 .rstrip()
這兩個方法可以滿足他們的需要。但如果他們不這樣做,而是試圖到處使用 .strip()
的話:
source_string = " hello world " @run_testclass TestList(unittest.TestCase): # 這是個贈品:它可以工作! def test_complete_strip(self): result = source_string.strip() assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with("hello"), ends_with("world"))) def test_start_strip(self): result = source_string.strip() # 改完的行 assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with("hello"), ends_with("world "))) def test_end_strip(self): result = source_string.strip() # 改完的行 assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with(" hello"), ends_with("world")))
test_complete_strip (__main__.TestList) ... ok test_end_strip (__main__.TestList) ... FAIL test_start_strip (__main__.TestList) ... FAIL ====================================================================== FAIL: test_end_strip (__main__.TestList) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython-input-17-6f9cfa1a997f>", line 19, in test_end_strip assert_that(result, AssertionError: Expected: (a string starting with ' hello' and a string ending with 'world') but: a string starting with ' hello' was 'hello world' ====================================================================== FAIL: test_start_strip (__main__.TestList) ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Traceback (most recent call last): File "<ipython-input-17-6f9cfa1a997f>", line 14, in test_start_strip assert_that(result, AssertionError: Expected: (a string starting with 'hello' and a string ending with 'world ') but: a string ending with 'world ' was 'hello world' ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.007s FAILED (failures=2)
他們會得到一個不同的錯誤信息,顯示去除了過多的空白:
source_string = " hello world " @run_testclass TestList(unittest.TestCase): # 這是個贈品:它可以工作! def test_complete_strip(self): result = source_string.strip() assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with("hello"), ends_with("world"))) def test_start_strip(self): result = source_string.lstrip() # Fixed this line assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with("hello"), ends_with("world "))) def test_end_strip(self): result = source_string.rstrip() # Fixed this line assert_that(result, all_of(starts_with(" hello"), ends_with("world")))
test_complete_strip (__main__.TestList) ... ok test_end_strip (__main__.TestList) ... ok test_start_strip (__main__.TestList) ... ok ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Ran 3 tests in 0.005s OK
到此,相信大家對“怎么用Jupyter Notebook教Python”有了更深的了解,不妨來實際操作一番吧!這里是億速云網站,更多相關內容可以進入相關頻道進行查詢,關注我們,繼續學習!
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