本章我們要制作一個俄羅斯方塊游戲。
Tetris
譯注：稱呼：方塊是由四個小方格組成的
俄羅斯方塊游戲是世界上最流行的游戲之一。是由一名叫Alexey Pajitnov的俄羅斯程序員在1985年制作的，從那時起，這個游戲就風靡了各個游戲平臺。
俄羅斯方塊歸類為下落塊迷宮游戲。游戲有7個基本形狀：S、Z、T、L、反向L、直線、方塊，每個形狀都由4個方塊組成，方塊最終都會落到屏幕底部。所以玩家通過控制形狀的左右位置和旋轉，讓每個形狀都以合適的位置落下，如果有一行全部被方塊填充，這行就會消失，并且得分。游戲結束的條件是有形狀接觸到了屏幕頂部。
方塊展示：
PyQt5是專門為創建圖形界面產生的，里面一些專門為制作游戲而開發的組件，所以PyQt5是能制作小游戲的。
制作電腦游戲也是提高自己編程能力的一種很好的方式。
開發
沒有圖片，所以就自己用繪畫畫出來幾個圖形。每個游戲里都有數學模型的，這個也是。
開工之前：
代碼由四個類組成：Tetris, Board, Tetrominoe和Shape。Tetris類創建游戲，Board是游戲主要邏輯。Tetrominoe包含了所有的磚塊，Shape是所有磚塊的代碼。
#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
"""
ZetCode PyQt5 tutorial
This is a Tetris game clone.
Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
Last edited: August 2017
"""
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QMainWindow, QFrame, QDesktopWidget, QApplication
from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt, QBasicTimer, pyqtSignal
from PyQt5.QtGui import QPainter, QColor
import sys, random
class Tetris(QMainWindow):
def __init__(self):
super().__init__()
self.initUI()
def initUI(self):
'''initiates application UI'''
self.tboard = Board(self)
self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
self.statusbar = self.statusBar()
self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
self.tboard.start()
self.resize(180, 380)
self.center()
self.setWindowTitle('Tetris')
self.show()
def center(self):
'''centers the window on the screen'''
screen = QDesktopWidget().screenGeometry()
size = self.geometry()
self.move((screen.width()-size.width())/2,
(screen.height()-size.height())/2)
class Board(QFrame):
msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str)
BoardWidth = 10
BoardHeight = 22
Speed = 300
def __init__(self, parent):
super().__init__(parent)
self.initBoard()
def initBoard(self):
'''initiates board'''
self.timer = QBasicTimer()
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.curX = 0
self.curY = 0
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.board = []
self.setFocusPolicy(Qt.StrongFocus)
self.isStarted = False
self.isPaused = False
self.clearBoard()
def shapeAt(self, x, y):
'''determines shape at the board position'''
return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
def setShapeAt(self, x, y, shape):
'''sets a shape at the board'''
self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x] = shape
def squareWidth(self):
'''returns the width of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
def squareHeight(self):
'''returns the height of one square'''
return self.contentsRect().height() // Board.BoardHeight
def start(self):
'''starts game'''
if self.isPaused:
return
self.isStarted = True
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.numLinesRemoved = 0
self.clearBoard()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.newPiece()
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
def paintEvent(self, event):
'''paints all shapes of the game'''
painter = QPainter(self)
rect = self.contentsRect()
boardTop = rect.bottom() - Board.BoardHeight * self.squareHeight()
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
def keyPressEvent(self, event):
'''processes key press events'''
if not self.isStarted or self.curPiece.shape() == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
return
key = event.key()
if key == Qt.Key_P:
self.pause()
return
if self.isPaused:
return
elif key == Qt.Key_Left:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX - 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Right:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Down:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateRight(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Up:
self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
elif key == Qt.Key_Space:
self.dropDown()
elif key == Qt.Key_D:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).keyPressEvent(event)
def timerEvent(self, event):
'''handles timer event'''
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
def clearBoard(self):
'''clears shapes from the board'''
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def dropDown(self):
'''drops down a shape'''
newY = self.curY
while newY > 0:
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, newY - 1):
break
newY -= 1
self.pieceDropped()
def oneLineDown(self):
'''goes one line down with a shape'''
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY - 1):
self.pieceDropped()
def pieceDropped(self):
'''after dropping shape, remove full lines and create new shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.setShapeAt(x, y, self.curPiece.shape())
self.removeFullLines()
if not self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.newPiece()
def removeFullLines(self):
'''removes all full lines from the board'''
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
if numFullLines > 0:
self.numLinesRemoved = self.numLinesRemoved + numFullLines
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.isWaitingAfterLine = True
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.update()
def newPiece(self):
'''creates a new shape'''
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
'''tries to move a shape'''
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
def drawSquare(self, painter, x, y, shape):
'''draws a square of a shape'''
colorTable = [0x000000, 0xCC6666, 0x66CC66, 0x6666CC,
0xCCCC66, 0xCC66CC, 0x66CCCC, 0xDAAA00]
color = QColor(colorTable[shape])
painter.fillRect(x + 1, y + 1, self.squareWidth() - 2,
self.squareHeight() - 2, color)
painter.setPen(color.lighter())
painter.drawLine(x, y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x, y)
painter.drawLine(x, y, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y)
painter.setPen(color.darker())
painter.drawLine(x + 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1,
x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + self.squareHeight() - 1)
painter.drawLine(x + self.squareWidth() - 1,
y + self.squareHeight() - 1, x + self.squareWidth() - 1, y + 1)
class Tetrominoe(object):
NoShape = 0
ZShape = 1
SShape = 2
LineShape = 3
TShape = 4
SquareShape = 5
LShape = 6
MirroredLShape = 7
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, 1)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2)),
((-1, 0), (0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1)),
((0, 0), (1, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1)),
((-1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1)),
((1, -1), (0, -1), (0, 0), (0, 1))
)
def __init__(self):
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
self.pieceShape = Tetrominoe.NoShape
self.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
def shape(self):
'''returns shape'''
return self.pieceShape
def setShape(self, shape):
'''sets a shape'''
table = Shape.coordsTable[shape]
for i in range(4):
for j in range(2):
self.coords[i][j] = table[i][j]
self.pieceShape = shape
def setRandomShape(self):
'''chooses a random shape'''
self.setShape(random.randint(1, 7))
def x(self, index):
'''returns x coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][0]
def y(self, index):
'''returns y coordinate'''
return self.coords[index][1]
def setX(self, index, x):
'''sets x coordinate'''
self.coords[index][0] = x
def setY(self, index, y):
'''sets y coordinate'''
self.coords[index][1] = y
def minX(self):
'''returns min x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def maxX(self):
'''returns max x value'''
m = self.coords[0][0]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][0])
return m
def minY(self):
'''returns min y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = min(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def maxY(self):
'''returns max y value'''
m = self.coords[0][1]
for i in range(4):
m = max(m, self.coords[i][1])
return m
def rotateLeft(self):
'''rotates shape to the left'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
def rotateRight(self):
'''rotates shape to the right'''
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, -self.y(i))
result.setY(i, self.x(i))
return result
if __name__ == '__main__':
app = QApplication([])
tetris = Tetris()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
游戲很簡單，所以也就很好理解。程序加載之后游戲也就直接開始了，可以用P鍵暫停游戲，空格鍵讓方塊直接落到最下面。游戲的速度是固定的，并沒有實現加速的功能。分數就是游戲中消除的行數。
self.tboard = Board(self) self.setCentralWidget(self.tboard)
創建了一個Board類的實例，并設置為應用的中心組件。
self.statusbar = self.statusBar() self.tboard.msg2Statusbar[str].connect(self.statusbar.showMessage)
創建一個statusbar來顯示三種信息：消除的行數，游戲暫停狀態或者游戲結束狀態。msg2Statusbar是一個自定義的信號，用在（和）Board類（交互），showMessage()方法是一個內建的，用來在statusbar上顯示信息的方法。
self.tboard.start()
初始化游戲：
class Board(QFrame): msg2Statusbar = pyqtSignal(str) ...
創建了一個自定義信號msg2Statusbar，當我們想往statusbar里顯示信息的時候，發出這個信號就行了。
BoardWidth = 10 BoardHeight = 22 Speed = 300
這些是Board類的變量。BoardWidth和BoardHeight分別是board的寬度和高度。Speed是游戲的速度，每300ms出現一個新的方塊。
... self.curX = 0 self.curY = 0 self.numLinesRemoved = 0 self.board = [] ...
在initBoard()里初始化了一些重要的變量。self.board定義了方塊的形狀和位置，取值范圍是0-7。
def shapeAt(self, x, y): return self.board[(y * Board.BoardWidth) + x]
shapeAt()決定了board里方塊的的種類。
def squareWidth(self): return self.contentsRect().width() // Board.BoardWidth
board的大小可以動態的改變。所以方格的大小也應該隨之變化。squareWidth()計算并返回每個塊應該占用多少像素--也即Board.BoardWidth。
def pause(self):
'''pauses game'''
if not self.isStarted:
return
self.isPaused = not self.isPaused
if self.isPaused:
self.timer.stop()
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("paused")
else:
self.timer.start(Board.Speed, self)
self.msg2Statusbar.emit(str(self.numLinesRemoved))
self.update()
pause()方法用來暫停游戲，停止計時并在statusbar上顯示一條信息。
def paintEvent(self, event): '''paints all shapes of the game''' painter = QPainter(self) rect = self.contentsRect() ...
渲染是在paintEvent()方法里發生的QPainter負責PyQt5里所有低級繪畫操作。
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
shape = self.shapeAt(j, Board.BoardHeight - i - 1)
if shape != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
self.drawSquare(painter,
rect.left() + j * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + i * self.squareHeight(), shape)
渲染游戲分為兩步。第一步是先畫出所有已經落在最下面的的圖，這些保存在self.board里?？梢允褂?code>shapeAt()查看這個這個變量。
if self.curPiece.shape() != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
for i in range(4):
x = self.curX + self.curPiece.x(i)
y = self.curY - self.curPiece.y(i)
self.drawSquare(painter, rect.left() + x * self.squareWidth(),
boardTop + (Board.BoardHeight - y - 1) * self.squareHeight(),
self.curPiece.shape())
第二步是畫出更在下落的方塊。
elif key == Qt.Key_Right: self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX + 1, self.curY)
在keyPressEvent()方法獲得用戶按下的按鍵。如果按下的是右方向鍵，就嘗試把方塊向右移動，說嘗試是因為有可能到邊界不能移動了。
elif key == Qt.Key_Up: self.tryMove(self.curPiece.rotateLeft(), self.curX, self.curY)
上方向鍵是把方塊向左旋轉一下
elif key == Qt.Key_Space: self.dropDown()
空格鍵會直接把方塊放到底部
elif key == Qt.Key_D: self.oneLineDown()
D鍵是加速一次下落速度。
def tryMove(self, newPiece, newX, newY):
for i in range(4):
x = newX + newPiece.x(i)
y = newY - newPiece.y(i)
if x < 0 or x >= Board.BoardWidth or y < 0 or y >= Board.BoardHeight:
return False
if self.shapeAt(x, y) != Tetrominoe.NoShape:
return False
self.curPiece = newPiece
self.curX = newX
self.curY = newY
self.update()
return True
tryMove()是嘗試移動方塊的方法。如果方塊已經到達board的邊緣或者遇到了其他方塊，就返回False。否則就把方塊下落到想要
def timerEvent(self, event):
if event.timerId() == self.timer.timerId():
if self.isWaitingAfterLine:
self.isWaitingAfterLine = False
self.newPiece()
else:
self.oneLineDown()
else:
super(Board, self).timerEvent(event)
在計時器事件里，要么是等一個方塊下落完之后創建一個新的方塊，要么是讓一個方塊直接落到底（move a falling piece one line down）。
def clearBoard(self):
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight * Board.BoardWidth):
self.board.append(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
clearBoard()方法通過Tetrominoe.NoShape清空broad。
def removeFullLines(self):
numFullLines = 0
rowsToRemove = []
for i in range(Board.BoardHeight):
n = 0
for j in range(Board.BoardWidth):
if not self.shapeAt(j, i) == Tetrominoe.NoShape:
n = n + 1
if n == 10:
rowsToRemove.append(i)
rowsToRemove.reverse()
for m in rowsToRemove:
for k in range(m, Board.BoardHeight):
for l in range(Board.BoardWidth):
self.setShapeAt(l, k, self.shapeAt(l, k + 1))
numFullLines = numFullLines + len(rowsToRemove)
...
如果方塊碰到了底部，就調用removeFullLines()方法，找到所有能消除的行消除它們。消除的具體動作就是把符合條件的行消除掉之后，再把它上面的行下降一行。注意移除滿行的動作是倒著來的，因為我們是按照重力來表現游戲的，如果不這樣就有可能出現有些方塊浮在空中的現象。
def newPiece(self):
self.curPiece = Shape()
self.curPiece.setRandomShape()
self.curX = Board.BoardWidth // 2 + 1
self.curY = Board.BoardHeight - 1 + self.curPiece.minY()
if not self.tryMove(self.curPiece, self.curX, self.curY):
self.curPiece.setShape(Tetrominoe.NoShape)
self.timer.stop()
self.isStarted = False
self.msg2Statusbar.emit("Game over")
newPiece()方法是用來創建形狀隨機的方塊。如果隨機的方塊不能正確的出現在預設的位置，游戲結束。
class Tetrominoe(object): NoShape = 0 ZShape = 1 SShape = 2 LineShape = 3 TShape = 4 SquareShape = 5 LShape = 6 MirroredLShape = 7
Tetrominoe類保存了所有方塊的形狀。我們還定義了一個NoShape的空形狀。
Shape類保存類方塊內部的信息。
class Shape(object):
coordsTable = (
((0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (0, 0)),
((0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, 1)),
...
)
...
coordsTable元組保存了所有的方塊形狀的組成。是一個構成方塊的坐標模版。
self.coords = [[0,0] for i in range(4)]
上面創建了一個新的空坐標數組，這個數組將用來保存方塊的坐標。
坐標系示意圖：
上面的圖片可以幫助我們更好的理解坐標值的意義。比如元組(0, -1), (0, 0), (-1, 0), (-1, -1)代表了一個Z形狀的方塊。這個圖表就描繪了這個形狀。
def rotateLeft(self):
if self.pieceShape == Tetrominoe.SquareShape:
return self
result = Shape()
result.pieceShape = self.pieceShape
for i in range(4):
result.setX(i, self.y(i))
result.setY(i, -self.x(i))
return result
rotateLeft()方法向右旋轉一個方塊。正方形的方塊就沒必要旋轉，就直接返回了。其他的是返回一個新的，能表示這個形狀旋轉了的坐標。
程序展示：
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