Ubuntu Minimal如何配置Nginx

Installing Nginx on Ubuntu Minimal
To begin, update your system’s package list to ensure you have access to the latest versions:

sudo apt update

Install Nginx using the apt package manager:

sudo apt install nginx

After installation, Nginx will start automatically. Verify its status with:

sudo systemctl status nginx

You should see an output indicating the service is active (running).

Starting and Enabling Nginx
To start Nginx manually (if it didn’t start automatically):

sudo systemctl start nginx

Enable Nginx to launch at boot for persistent availability:

sudo systemctl enable nginx

Configuring the Firewall (UFW)
If you’ve enabled UFW (Uncomplicated Firewall), allow HTTP (port 80) and HTTPS (port 443) traffic to permit web access:

sudo ufw allow 'Nginx Full'

Reload UFW to apply the changes:

sudo ufw reload

Check the firewall status to confirm the rules are in place:

sudo ufw status

Verifying Nginx Installation
Open a browser and navigate to your server’s IP address (e.g., http://your_server_ip). You should see Nginx’s default welcome page. Alternatively, use curl to check from the command line:

curl -v http://your_server_ip

Creating a Virtual Host (Custom Configuration)
For a production website, you’ll need a custom virtual host. First, create a directory for your website files (replace your_domain with your actual domain or subdomain):

sudo mkdir -p /var/www/your_domain/html

Set appropriate ownership and permissions for the directory (replace $USER with your username):

sudo chown -R $USER:$USER /var/www/your_domain/html
sudo chmod -R 755 /var/www/your_domain

Create a test HTML file to verify the configuration:

nano /var/www/your_domain/html/index.html

Add simple content to confirm the setup:

<html>
    <head>
        <title>Welcome to Your Domain!</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>Success!</h1>
        <p>Your Nginx virtual host is configured correctly.</p>
    </body>
</html>

Save and exit the editor (Ctrl+O, Enter, Ctrl+X).

Next, create a virtual host configuration file in the sites-available directory:

sudo nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/your_domain

Add the following configuration (adjust server_name to your domain):

server {
    listen 80;
    server_name your_domain.com www.your_domain.com;
    root /var/www/your_domain/html;
    index index.html;

    location / {
        try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
    }

    error_log ${NGINX_LOG_DIR}/your_domain_error.log;
    access_log ${NGINX_LOG_DIR}/your_domain_access.log;
}

Save and exit the editor.

Enable the virtual host by creating a symbolic link from sites-available to sites-enabled:

sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/your_domain /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/

Testing and Reloading Nginx
Before applying changes, test your Nginx configuration for syntax errors:

sudo nginx -t

If the test passes (output shows “syntax is ok” and “test is successful”), reload Nginx to apply the new configuration:

sudo systemctl reload nginx

Optional: Configuring SSL with Let’s Encrypt
To secure your site with HTTPS, install Certbot (a tool for obtaining free SSL certificates):

sudo apt install certbot python3-certbot-nginx

Obtain a certificate for your domain (replace your_domain.com with your actual domain):

sudo certbot --nginx -d your_domain.com -d www.your_domain.com

Follow the on-screen prompts to complete the process. Certbot will automatically configure Nginx to use the SSL certificate.

Basic Nginx Commands
Manage your Nginx service with these essential commands:

Start Nginx: sudo systemctl start nginx
Stop Nginx: sudo systemctl stop nginx
Restart Nginx: sudo systemctl restart nginx (stops and starts the service)
Reload Nginx: sudo systemctl reload nginx (applies configuration changes without downtime)
Check Status: sudo systemctl status nginx (shows if Nginx is running)
View Nginx Version: nginx -v (basic version info) or nginx -V (detailed version + modules)

Troubleshooting Common Issues

Port Conflicts: If another service is using port 80 or 443, stop the conflicting service (e.g., sudo systemctl stop apache2) or change Nginx’s listening port in the configuration file.
Permission Errors: Ensure the website directory and files are owned by the correct user (usually www-data or your username) and have proper permissions (chmod 755 for directories, chmod 644 for files).
Configuration Errors: Run sudo nginx -t to identify syntax issues. Fix errors in the configuration file and reload Nginx.
Logs for Debugging: Check Nginx’s error log (/var/log/nginx/error.log) and access log (/var/log/nginx/access.log) for detailed information about issues. Use tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log to view logs in real-time.

By following these steps, you’ll have a fully functional Nginx server on Ubuntu Minimal, ready to host websites or act as a reverse proxy.

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